Multiband superheterodyne radio receiver



July 4, 1950 R. H. HERRICK MULTIBAND SUPERHETERODYNE RADIO RECEIVER 9 Sheets-Sheet 1 Original Filed 001;. 4, 1943 INVENTOR. ROSWELL H. HERRICK BY mxw M m ATTORNEYS y 1950 R. H. HERRICK 2,513,485

MULTIBAND SUPERHETERODYNE RADIO RECEIVER Original Filed Oct. 4, 1945 9 Sheets-Sheet 2 INVENTOR. ROSWELL H. HERRICK BY 094mm, M

ATTORNEYS R. H. HERRICK MULTIBAND SUPERHETERODYNE RADIO RECEIVER July 4, 1950 9 Sheets-Sheet 5 am ww Original Filed Oct. 4, 1943 INVENTOR. ROSWELL H. HERRICK BY WXW, MM

ATTORNEYS July 4, 1950 R. H. HERRICK MULTIBAND SUPERHETERODYNE RADIO RECEIVER 9 Sheets-Sheet 4 Original Filed Oct. 4, 1943 INVENTOR. ROSWELL H. HERRICK BY W,W,MM

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ROSWELL H. HERRICK BY V Mm,f/x 1% fl flm% ATTORNEYS July 4, 1950 MULTIBAND SUPERHETERODYNE RADIO RECEIVER R. H. HERRICK Original Filed Oct. 4, 1943 I6. as

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9 Sheets-Sheet 8 ATTORNEYS INVENTOR. ROSWELL H1 HERRICK Patented July 4, 1950 UHTE S MULTIBAND SUPERHETERODYNE RADIO RECEIVER;

Original application OctoberA, 19.43, Serial No.

504,985, now Patent No. 2,462,188, dated February 22, 1949.

Divided and .this application September 29, 1945, Serial No. 619,407

The present invention relates to-radio direction finders and, more particularly, to a radio direction. finder suitable for operation in-several of the higher radio frequency bands wherein amplitude modulated, frequenc modulated, and continuous wave signals are to be received. This application is a division of the copending application of Roswell H. Herrick, Serial No. 504,985, filed October 4, 1943, now Patent No. 2,462,188 issued: February 22, 1949.

Heretofore various types of radio direction finders have been devised which range from the simple-single'loop antenna radio receiver tov'the morecomplicated systems such as the Bellinni- Tosi and the Adcock; The simple single vertical loopxantenna has as its predominant disadvantage its-susceptibility to distortion due to night effect. Nighteffect isthe term applied to the distortion introduced in the response pattern of the antenna due to induced voltages appearing at, the output of the antenna which result in a falseindication of the null position.- Vertically polarized waves traveling parallel with the plane of the loop antenna, irrespective of the angle of elevation of the direction of travel of such waves,

produce maximum response at the-loop antenna output terminals. Vertically polarized waves traveling toward the plane of the loop antenna, irrespective of the angle of elevation of the direction of travel of such waves, produce no response at the loop antenna output terminals. A horizontally polarized wave traveling horizontally produces no response at the antenna output terminals. A horizontally polarized wave traveling with an. angle of elevation of the directionof travel of such waves produces maximum response when traveling toward the plane of the loop antenna. Such horizontally polarized waves traveling non-horizontally are-produced by refiections from the Ionosphere or Kennelly- Heaviside layer. At night the reflection angles are greater, thus these waves produce a greater response in the loop antenna-and are termed night effect. This response is maximum at thenull position for vertically polarized. waves travelin toward the plane of the loop and hence a different null position willbe indicated.

The single .loop antenna has. two. null. positions so-that it is not possible to determinethe direction of a transmitter but merely the planein 1.

which a transmitter is located. In order to obviatev this a. non-directional antenna .or sense antennahas been used, inconjunction with a single loop antenna to produce a polar :response diagramjnthe form-of a cardioid-.. Thus a-single 10 Claims. (01. 25020) order to obviate the night effect.

null; position is obtained but the; cardioidn is subject to the night effects and hencethec null position is subject to error.

The Bellinni-Tosi system was, developed .at; a time when amplification of receivedenergies-Was not as highly-developed as at present, and it-had for its advantage the absence of the necessityof rotating the large massive loop antenna. Subsequently the Adcock system was developed in The Adcock system with stationary antennas produced a clover-leaf response pattern which, however, introduces the disadvantage of providing four null indications so that a ninety degree ambiguity might be introduced with respect to the plane in which a transmitter is operating. It thus becomes apparent that the problem of providing a radio direction finder is not a simple one, and-that for agiyen set of conditions it, is perhaps best to provide a particular solution rather than toattempt to obtain an ideal universal direction finding-system.

Accordingly, certain of these conditions will now. be considered. In the present instance it was-deemed desirable to provide a radiodirection finder of the portable type which, would operate. over several relatively high radio .frequencyranges andv which could beused for direction finding of transmitters which may .emit amplitude modulated, frequency modulated, or continuous wave signals. A primary requirement was theelimination of the night effect and the ninety degree ambiguity such as is inherentin the spaced loop system. The direction. finding system should provide foraudibleidentification of the transmittingstation and a reliable, sensitive, error free visual indication. of the plane in which the transmitter and receiver are located.

In accordance with the present invention these primary requirements were-met by utilizing a pair of spaced parallel opposedloop antennas together with. a sense, antenna in the form of a, loop antenna located, midway between and. parallel to the spacedparallel loop antennas, to eliminate the night effect]? All of the loop antennasare maintained balanced with respect to'groundh A minimum number of switches are employed-to provide a phase reversal when combining the energies of the spaced parallel loop antennas .With thesense loop antenna. Means are provided for controlling the. ratio of the energies so combined soas to avoid overload effects and mistuningaof the receiver. It hasbeen observed that thiscombination of antennas has an inherentcadvantage ,in; that the ratio ofthe energies, so combined is "sense antenna amplifying tube.

frequency modulated signals.

coils.

not critical and that variations in phase relation may occur without introducing appreciable error in the null indication.

In order to maintain the receiver apparatus and the operation thereof as simple as possible the sense loop antenna was provided with a resistive termination from which energy was obtained by an amplifying tube having an aperiodic input circuit. The output circuit of this tube is of the aperiodic impedance-capacitance coupled type, thereby to avoid the requirement of a tuning capacitor together with a plurality of different impedances which otherwise would be required for each of the frequency bands over which the receiver is supposed to operate. The spaced loop antennas were connected through suitable re-,

versing switches to a selected one of a plurality of tuned input transformers each of which was provided with shielding means for electrostatical- 1y balancing the primary winding with respect to ground. In order that there be no interaction between the selected transformer and those transformers not in use, each of the secondary Windings of the unused transformers is normally short circuited. The input circuit of the amplifying tube associated with these input transformers is capacitively coupled to the plate circuit of the The sense antenna amplifying tube is provided with a man- --ually operable gain control whereby the ratios of the energies combined may be controlled.

The present direction finder is arranged for cycles. It is desired to receive both narrow and wide band modulated signals such as amplitude 'modulated and frequency modulated signals in 'addition to continuous wave signals.

At the higher frequency range of 20 to 50 megacycles, a narrow response characteristic is desired for the reception of continuous wave and amplitude modulated signals, and a deviation of plus or minus '75 kilocycles is desired for the reception of Accordingly, the present receiver utilizes a plurality of stages of radio frequency amplification of the impedancecapacitance tuned-input-impedance type. In order that the wide band modulation encountered by frequency modulation might be properly amplified by a radio frequency amplifier, the lower frequency range impedances are given a broadened response characteristic by the introduction of resistors in shunt to the input impedance Normally each of a plurality of tunedinput-impedance coils for the'diiferent frequency bands is short-circuited and switching means are provided for removing the short circuit from a desired one of the impedances and for connecting such impedance to the input electrode of its associated amplifier tube.

v Because of the great difference between the two frequency ranges to be received the intermediate frequency amplifier is arranged to operate at two different intermediate frequencies such as 456 kilocycles and 5 megacycles. Each stage of intermediate frequency amplification therefore is provided with two intermediate frequency transformers, the primary and secondary windings of which are provided with adjustable trimmer capacitors arranged to operate parallel with a fixed loading capacitor. In the frequency range of 2 to 4.5 megacycles it is desired to provide a broadened response of the intermediate frequency amplifier for a plus or minus kilocombinations of antenna voltages.

" the capacitors.

4 cycle deviation for the reception of frequency modulated signals. Each stage of amplification is provided with a pair of resistors adapted to be switched in circuit to provide this broadened response characteristic. In addition, at the higher frequency range of 20 to 50 megacycles a broadened response characteristic of plus or minus '75 kilocycle deviation is provided for frequency modulated signals. By provision of suitable switching arrangements these same resistors are again utilized to broaden the response of the intermediate frequency amplifier for these signals. Whenever frequency modulated signals are being amplified by the intermediate frequency amplifier the gain of the amplifier is increased by reducing the grid bias a predetermined amount. This change in bias is controlled by the same switching arrangement which connects into circuit the response broadening resistors. The first detector and oscillator tube is provided with a plurality of tuned impedances which normally have onehalf of their windings short circuited so as to prevent any interaction between the impedance being used and those not being used.

Since the radio receiver is to operate over the frequency ranges of 2 to 4.5 megacycles and 20 to 50 megacycles, it has been found desirable to divide each range into two bands. Thus the radio frequency amplifier stages and the first detector oscillator are each provided with four transformers or impedances which are arranged to be switched into circuit by suitable switchin means. Thisswitching means also controls the selection of the transformers to be used in the intermediate frequency amplifier.

The. intermediate frequency amplifier is arranged to energize two separate channels. The one channel provides for the audible signals so that the station might be readily identified. The other channel converts signal energy into proportional direct current impulses to produce visual indication of the orientation of the directional antennas'with respect to the transmitter, the signals of which are being received. This visual indication is obtained by a circuit arrangement wherein two capacitors each are charged by different direct currents obtained in accordance with different A zero-center direct current instrument is connected across the two capacitors to give an indication of the resultant direct current voltage appearing across In order that the indicating instrument be deadbeat a resistor and an alternating current electrolytic capacitor are connected in shunt to the indicating instrument. This circuit arrangement therefore provides an indication which bears a relation to the reversal of phase of one of the antenna voltages, since the detector which is used toconvert the radio frequency energies into proportional direct current energies is not effective to discriminate between phase relations of alternating currents. In order to provide'for the reception of continuous wave signals without requiring the use of an additional vacuum tube in the receiver, the detector in the visual indication circuit has a triode sectionwhich is used for the generation of oscillations to provide audibility to the continuous Wave signals. This oscillator is coupled to the input of the audible signal channel which, for

continuous wave signals and amplitude modulated signals, comprises a stage of intermediate frequency amplification, a detector, and a stage of amplification. For the reception of frequency modulated signals the intermediate stage of ampli'fication in this channel is convertedeinto :a-sfrequency modulation limiter. The detector at the same time is'iconverted into a frequency 'modulation discriminator. These changes are accomplished 'by suitable circuit elements operated by a switching means which control the frequency bands to be received by the receiver.

It is, therefore, an object ofthe present invention to provide an improved ra'dio direction finder wherein night efieot has been eliminated.

Another object of the present'invention isto provide an improved radio direction finder wherein night effect has beeneliminated and which obviates ninetydegree ambiguities.

Another object of the-present invention :is 'to provide an improved radio direction ffinder utilizing a pair of spaced loop antennas rand a sense loop antenna wherein each of the antennas 'is maintained balanced with respect to ground.

Another object of the present invention is to provide an improved radio direction finder utilizing a plurality of loop antennas and a sense loop antenna which has a minimum of tuning apparatus.

Another object of the invention is to providean improved radio direction finder utilizing spaced loop antennas and a sense antenna which with a minimum of switches provides for the? periodic reversal of phase when the energies of the antennas are combined.

It is another object of this invention to provide an improved radio directionfinder whereby the plane in which the radio transmitter and the direction finder are located is indicated while the directional antennas are positioned so as to be influenced to the maximum extent by the waves of the radio transmitter.

A further object of invention isto provide an improved radio direction finder in which the energies of several directional antennas are combined and, in accordance with the combined energies, a visual response indication is provided which is substantially unaffected by minor phase variations Of the energies so combined.

A further object of invention is to provide an improved radio direction finder which produces a visual response indication of sharply defined nulls.

A still further object of invention is to provide an improved radio receiver for operation at several of the higher radio frequency ranges.

A still further object of invention is to provide an improved superheterodyne radio receiver for operation at the higherradio frequency ranges to receive amplitude modulated, frequency modulated, and continuous wave signals.

A still further object of invention is to provide in a radio receiver an intermediate frequency amplifier selectively operable at two different intermediate frequencies.

A still further object of invention is to provide in a superheterodyne radio receiver an intermediate frequency amplifier operable at two difierent intermediate frequencies with a common means for broadening the response characteristic of the amplifier at either of the intermediate frequencies.

A still further object of invention is to provide in a radio receiver an intermediate frequency amplifier for the reception of narrow band and wide band modulated signals with means for increasing the gain of said amplifier for the reception of the wide band modulated signals.

Another and further object of the present invention is to provide a circuitfor comparing di- :rect currentsawherein adirectfcurrentinstrument graphical representations and curves -to "expla in the operation of the present 'invention; "Eig. 1'6 is a chart showing. certain switching: operations performed in accordance with the diiierent'receiving conditions; and Fig. 17 illustrates in block diagram the manner in which Figs. 1 to 6, inclusive, may Ice-combined to form a unified circuit dia-- ram.

Referring more particularly to Figs- 1 to '6, inclusive, it will "be seen that a plurality -ofdirectional antennas has been provided. A pair of loop antennas [BI and I 62 are arranged in spaced parallel relation and the connections thereto are so arranged that the voltages in the antennas are opposedso that a resultant voltage is obtained at theoutput terminals of these two antennas. A third directional loop antenna N13 is positioned midway between and parallel to the pair of loop antennas HH and N12. The loop antenna lil serves as a sense antenna so that energy therefrom might be combined with the resultant energy obtained from the pair of spaced opposed antennas, whereby a response may be obtained by the radio receiver which, translatedbyaanindicating circuit, will show the null position'o'f the: directional antennas. The mannerin which'the voltages are obtained and the resultant indication is obtained will subsequently be explainedafter the radio receiver has been described in detail,

In order to simplify the radio receiver apparatusand at the same time to obviate as 'far as possible the introduction of unb'al'ances in any of the antennas with respect to ground, a minimum of switches and tuning apparatus is employed. The sense antenna N33 is provided with a resistive termination comprising the resistor network composed of the resistors IN to l0]. The midpointof this resistornet'work is connected to ground. A portion of the volt age appearing across the resistive termination of the loop antenna I03 is applied to a vacuum. tube H19 by a-direct connection b'etween the' control grid thereof with one terminal of the resistor I96 and by a couplingcap'acitor iIlB co-nn'ect'ed between the cathode of the vacuum tube wand the intermediate terminalof the resistor network. It therefore becomes apparent that the input to the vacuum tube I09 is aperiodic and that for all frequency-ranges andtuning bands no individual impedance transformers-or tun-- ing apparatus is employed.

The spaced parallel loop-antennas lll'l and 182 are connected-together so asto-p'roduce a resultant voltage across 'a pair of conductors Ill and I2!) which are connected to certain switch contacts on a motor driven switch MB. This switch'is provided with a plurality of znalre and break contacts Hi to H6. The contacts 1 M to H4 are so arranged with resp'ect to thedoop antenna conductors H9 and 1-20 as to comprise a double. pole double throw' switch, whereby the phase of the spaced loop antenna-energymay reversed. The remaining switch contacts H5 and I 16 are arranged tointerconnect a pairofconductors 53! with 'conductors 532 and 533 toprovide withrespect to -the operation of the double: pole double throw switch portion of the switch I I0, concomitant operation corresponding to single pole double throw switch operation.v This latter switching operation interconnects a direct current indicating circuit with that portion of the receiver which produces direct currents proportional to the combined energies fed to the input of the radio receiver. The motor driven switch H is provided with a plurality of cams II'I so that the switch contacts III and II 3 are made simultaneously while the switch contacts H2 and H4 are opened, and vice versa. The switch contacts H5 and H6 are arranged to complete a circuit to one of the conductors 532 or 533 subsequent to the operation of the previously mentioned switch contacts and prior to the subsequent operation of the contacts. This difference .in timing is provided so as to insure that there will be no error in the value of the direct current voltages applied to the indicating circuit.

The cams II! are driven by a suitable direct current motor .I I8. The switch contacts I I2 and H3 are connected to a conductor I which joins the lower contact ,of each of a plurality of switch'contacts SIb, S21), 8% and S422. The switch contacts III and H4 are connected by the conductor I to the lower contacts of a plurality of switch contacts Sla, 32a, S3a

and S411. A plurality of switches SI, S2, S3

and S4, each composed of pairs of switch contacts SIa, SIb, etc., are arranged for selective connection to the primary windings of a plurality of different input transformers I2I to I24, respectively. Two transformers I2I and I22 are provided for the two bands which comprise the first range of frequencies from 2 to 4.5 megacycles, and two other transformers I23 and I24 are provided for the two bands in the other range of frequency from 20 to megacycles. Each of the'transformers I2I to I24 is balanced with respect to ground by the provision of an electrostatic shield interposed between the primary and secondary windings.

The switch IIO which interconnects the spaced loop antennas IOI and I02 with the balanced to ground input radio frequency transformer is constructed so as to be symmetrical in all respects to avoid introducing any unbalances in the antenna circuit. While the switch has been i used between the spaced loop antennas and the radio frequency input transformers in order to reverse the phase of one of the energies being combined in the first stage of amplification of the radio receiver, it of course will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the switch might have been arranged to reverse the phase of the energy supplied by the sense loop antenna I03, in which case the switch IIO would interconnect the sense loop antenna I03 with the input to the vacuum tube I09.

One terminal of each of the secondary windings of the transformers I2I to I24 is connected to a conductor I25 which, in turn, is connected to the grounded terminal I26 of a main tuning capacitor I3I and a Vernier tuning capacitor I32. The other terminals of the secondary windings of the transformers I2I to I24 are connected respectively to switches S5 to S8 which normally are arranged to short circuit the secondary windings of these transformers. By suitable switch operating apparatus any selected one of theseswitches may be actuated so as to cause the selected transformer terminal to-be connected to the conductor I2I which is connected to the grid electrode of a vacuum tube I28. The cathode of the vacuum tube I28 is connected through a fixed biasing resistor I42 and an adjustable biasing resistor I43 provided with an adjustable contact I44 connected to ground. The common connection between the resistors I42 and I43 is also connected to a conductor 206. The cathode of the vacuum tube I28 is connected to a by-pass capacitor I29 which, in turn, is connected to ground. The output circuit of the vacuum tube, I28 includes a choke coil I5I and a voltage drop resistor I46 which, in turn, is connected to a conductor I34 which serves to supply a high potential for the anodes and the screen grids of the various vacuum tubes. The common juncture between the resistor .I-46 and the choke coil I5I is connected to a by-pass capacitor I41 which is grounded. This common juncture is also connected to a current drop resistor I48 which is connected to the screen grid of the vacuum tube I28. The screen grid of the vacuum tube H8 is connected to a grounded by-pass capacitor I49. The vacuum tube I28 therefore is provided with an input circuit which may be tuned so as to resonate at a desired frequency within any one of the four bands of frequencies covered by the input transformers I2I to I24. The vacuum tube I28 by means of the transformers I2I to I24 receives the resultant energy obtained from the opposed spaced parallel loops IOI and I02. This energy, the phase of which is periodically reversed by the operation of the switch H0, is combined with energy received from the vacuum tube I09.

The vacuum tube I09 is provided with an output circuit which includes an anode, choke coil I33 connected between the high voltage conductor I34 and the anode of the vacuum tube I09. The anode of the vacuum tube I09 is capacitively coupled to the input circuit of vacuum tube I28 by a coupling capacitor I'4I connected to the conductor I21. Suitable voltage is supplied to the screen grid electrode of the vacuum tube I00 by means of a voltage drop resistor I35 connected between the conductor I34 and the screen grid. The screen grid of the vacuum tube I09 is connected to a grounded b y-pass capacitor I36. Because the plate or anode of the vacuum tube I09 is capacitively coupled to the tuned input circuit of the vacuum tube I 28, the vacuum tube I09 in fact utilizes this tuned circuit as its plate load and, hence, the tuned input circuit of the vacuum tube I28 serves as a mixing circuit for the voltages of the spaced parallel opposed loop antennas and the voltage component obtained from the sense loop antenna.

The anode of the vacuum tube I28 is coupled by a capacitor I58 to the grid of the next radio frequency amplifying tube 20I 'which is connected to the conductor I51. The conductor I5! is connected to the upper contact of each of a plurality of switches 59, SIB, SH and $12 which normally are arranged to short circuit a plurality of tuned impedances I52 to I55, each of which is provided with an auxiliary tuning capacitor I62 to I65, respectively. The auxiliar or trimmer tuning capacitors I62 to I65 each operate in parallel to the main tuning capacitor 202 which is connected between the grid of the vacuum tube 20I and a ground connection 204 which is also connected to a conductor I56. The conductor I56 joins one terminal of each of the tuned impedances I52 to I55. In order that the lower frequency tuned impedances I52 and I53 might have response 9r characteristics sufiiciently broad: to accommodate the reception. of. wide band or frequency modulated signals these impedances have been shunted by resistors I59 and Iii-I, respectively. The cathode of the vacuum tube 2M is provided with a grounded by-pass capacitor 203. The cathode of the vacuum tube 2M, furthermore, is connected through a biasing resistor 205 and the adjustable biasing resistor I43 to ground. It thus becomes apparent that the vacuum tube I28 is provided with a predetermined self bias from the resistor I42, and similarly the vacuum tube isprovided with a predetermined self bias from the resistor 205, and. these biases are augmented by the common. bias. provided by the drop through the resistor I43. The adjustable contact I 44 onthe resistor I43 is arranged to be actuated from the operating panel of the radio receiver so as to comprise a manually operable gain or sensitivit control for theradio frequency amplifier. The output circuit of the vacuum tube 20! includes a choke coil or impedance 2 and a voltage drop resistor 209. connectedbetween theanode and the high voltage conductor. I34. The resistor 209 is provided "with a grounded by-pass capacitor 22 I. A lesser voltage is applied to the screen grid of the vacuum tube 20Iby means of a voltage drop resistor 20! connected between the screen grid of the vacuum. tube 204 andthe common juncture of the resistor 209 and the choke coil 2! I. The screen gridof the vacuum tube. 20! is Toy-passed to ground through a by-pass capacitor 20-8. The output of the vacuumtube 21H is coupled by a capacitor 242to the input electrode of the next vacuumtube. 301 by means of a conductor 24!.

The grid of thevacuum tube 30]. isconnected to a tuning capacitor 239-, therotor of which is grounded. Theconductor 24I is connected to the upper contact of each of .a. plurality of. switches- SI3- to SIS. arranged.forcooperation.with. plui The rality of tuned impedances 23I= to 234. switches SI3' to. SIS are arranged so that the tuned impedances when notin; use are short circuited. One terminal of. each of the tuned -,impedances 23 I to. 234-is connected to ground. Auxiliar tuning. or trimmer capacitors. ESE-W238 are arrangedinparallel to-the tuned imped'ances 23I=- to 234. The lower frequency tuned -impedances 23l and 232 areprovided with shunt resistor-s 228 and. 22E3in' order that their response characteristic might be" broadened sufficiently for the transmission of wid -band or frequencymodulated signals-inthose frequency bands;

The vacuum tube30| serves'as a combinedoscillator and first detector and, accordingly; an

oscillator circuit is providedwhich is connected to the conductors 251 and" 252? which are-joined to the grid and cathode of this vacuum tube. The grid which is connectedto the-conductor I is' connected through a resistor 249 togroundand is capacitively coupled to oscillation circuitbya capacitor 248 connected to: the upper; contacts of switches-SI9 and S20: These upper contacts ofthe switches SI9 and S20'are coupled by*a.'=. pad

dingrcapacitor'243 to-theupper contacts-of a pair of switches SrI'I 'and S18 and to oneterminalofv a groundedftuning capacitor 246; impedances 2I2 to 21 0am arranged'i for cooperation with a. plurality of adjustable trimmer across the capacitor 222.-

one terminatoraubrea-k-make; switch S21.

Apluralityof 10 circuit. one of: these impedances-,- such as the choke coil or impedance 2I2. One terminal of the other impedance-or choke 2I3is connected through a: padding capacitor 226 to one of the contacts of a switch SI'I. The remaining choke impedances 2| 4 to 219 are similarly grouped together so-that thechoke impedances-2I4 and ZI 5 are connected across the trimmer capacitor 223, the choke impedances 2I6 and 2|! are connected across the capacitor 224, and choke impedances 2I8 and 219 are connected across the capacitor 225. Similarly arranged switches S22,

S23and S24 are arranged so as to normally short circuit the choke impedances- 2I-4,2I6 and 218. One terminal of the. choke impedance 2I5 is con nected througha padding capacitor 221 to one contact of. the switch SI8.- Each of the circuits therefore comprises a tuned oscillating circuit which may be placed in operation by the simultaneous operation of its two associated switches.

The tuning capacitor 24d is common to all of.

these circuits and isarranged for adjustment by a unitary drive means interconnectingthe tuning capacitors 239, 202 and I3I.

voltage conductor I34. This grid is by-passed to ground by a grounded capacitor 302. The voltage supplied to the screen grid is stabilized by the connection of'a voltage regulator tube 304 between ground and the common juncture of the resistors 303 and 305.

The output'of the vacuum tube'30I is connected to a multi-stage intermediate frequency amplifier which is arranged to operate at either of two selected intermediate frequencies, dependent upon which of the frequency ranges is being utilized in the radio frequency amplifier.

The anode of the vacuum tube 30I is connected through a switch S25 and a primary winding 32I of a transformer 320 andavoltage drop resistor 3I 6 to the anode voltage conductor I34. The juncture of the resistor 3I6 with the voltage conductor I34 is connected to a grounded by-pass capacitor 3l8. The other'terminal of the resistor 3I6 is connected to'a grounded by-pass capacitor 3. The transformer 320"has a primary winding 32] and a secondary winding 322 which respectively are provided with shunt trimmer capacitors 323 and 324. The trimmer capacitor 323 is arranged for operation in parallel with a' fixed loading capacitor 306 to tune the primary winding 32L The secondary winding of the transformer 320' is connected to ground and to one contact of a switch S25. The switch S26 is connected to the input gridelectrode of a vacswitchesSZliand S26 are actuated to connect intermediate frequency into circuit another transfbrmeralo' which :is' arranged to operate at anintermediate. frequency of 5000 kilocycles.

The: intermediate frequency transformer 3I0 is provided-with a-primary winding 3 II'and-a'sec- Y ondary:winding; 3.I ztwhich arev connected. in parallel withrtrimmerrcapacitorsafl 3 andt3il4 respec The vacuum tube- 30I is provided with a screen grid which is connected through resistors 303 and 305 to the anode The'switches'S25 and S26 11 tively. The capacitors 3l3 and 3!4 are eacharranged to operate in parallel with loading capacitors 366 and 3!9 respectively to tune the primary and the secondary windings of the transformer 3!0. The cathode of the vacuum tube 326 is connected through a voltage drop resistor 328 to a conductor 329. The resistor 328 is provided with a grounded by-pass capacitor 321.

When the intermediate frequency transformer 320 is connected as shown the response characteristic thereof is not sufiiciently broad for proper transmission of wide band or frequency modulated signals. In order to broaden the response characteristic of this transformer a resistor 3l5 is connected in shunt to the primary winding 32! by a switch S44, and another resistor 325 is connected in shunt to the secondary Winding 322 by a switch S45. When the other intermediate frequency transformer 3'!!! is used the response characteristic thereof adequately passes wide band modulated signals having a deviation of plus or minus kilocycles. When, however, a deviation of plus or minus 75 kilocycles is desired, it is necessary to broaden the response characteristic of this transformer 3!0. To accomplish this the resistors 3!5 and 325 are connected by the switches S44 and S45 in parallel with the primary and secondary windings respectively of the intermediate frequency transformer 3l0. Thus it becomes apparent that a single pair of resistors associated with a stage of intermediate frequency amplification serves to broaden the frequency response of, either of two intermediate frequency transformers. The effect ofthe resistors 3I5 and 325, of course, is much greater on the intermediate frequency transformer 3!!) which operates at the higher intermediate frequency of 5000 kilocycles, and hence there is provided a broadened response characteristic for the transmissionof modulation signals having a deviation of plus or minus '75 kilocycles. Y

The anode of the vacuum tube 326 is normally connected through a switch S2! and the primary winding 34! of an intermediate frequency transformer 340 and the voltage drop resistor 338 to the anode voltage conductor !34. The juncture of the resistor 338 with the voltage conductor I34 is connected to a grounded by-pass capacitor 35!. The other terminal of the resistor 338 is connected to a grounded by-pass capacitor 345. The juncture between the resistor 338 and the primary winding 34! of the transformer 34!) is connected through a voltage drop resistor 33! to a screen grid of the vacuum tube 326 which is connected to a grounded by-pass capacitor 339. The intermediate frequency transformer 340 has its primary winding 34! and its secondary winding 342 tuned by trimmer capacitors 343 and 344, respectively, connected in parallel with fixed capacitors 335 and 336.

Another intermediate frequency transformer 33!! is provided with a primary winding 33! and a secondary winding 3-32 tuned by trimmer capacitors 333 and 334, respectively, in parallel with the fixed capacitors 335' and 336. The transformer 330 is arranged to be switched into operation by the actuation of switches S2! and S28. The switch S28 is connected to a conductor 348 which is connected to the grid or input electrode of a vacuum tube 426. One terminal of each of the secondary windings 332 and 342 is connected to grounded conductor 349 which is connected to one terminal of a capacitor 421, the other terminal of which is connected to the cathodeof ".a conductor 483.

the vacuum tube 426. A pair of resistors 346 and 34! are arranged to be connected by a pair of switches S46 and S4! in parallel with the primary and secondary windings of either of the transformers 33!! or 349 in order to broaden the response characteristic thereof.

The vacuum tube 426 has its cathode connected through a voltage drop resistor 428 to a conductor 329. The anode of the vacuum tube 426 is normally connected through a switch S29 to the primary winding 44! of the transformer 440 and through a resistor 438 to the voltage conductor !34. The common juncture between the resistor 438 and the primary winding 44! of the intermediate transformer 44!! is connected to a resistor 43! which is connected to the screen grid of the vacuum tube 426. The screen grid of the Vacuum tube 426 is connected to a grounded by" pass capacitor 439. The primary winding 44! of the transformer 44!! is arranged to be tuned by a trimmer capacitor 443 which operates in parallel with a fixed loading capacitor 435. The secondary winding 442 of the intermediate frequency transformer is tuned by a trimmer capacitor 444 arranged to operate in parallel with a fixed loading capacitor 436. The intermediate frequency transformer 440 is normally connected in circuit by the switches S29 and S30 to provide operation at the lower of the two intermediate frequencies.

An intermediate frequency transformer 43!] is provided for operation at the higher intermediate frequencies. The primary winding 43! of the transformer 43!] is tuned by a trimmer capacitor 433 and operating in parallel with a fixed loading capacitor 435. The secondary winding 432 of this transformer is tuned by a trimmer capacitor 434 operating in parallel with a fixed loading capacitor 436. In order that either of the intermediate transformers 430 or 440 may have their response characteristic broadened, there is provided a pair of resistors 446 and 44! which are arranged to be connected in parallel to the primary and secondary windings, respectively, by a pair of switches S48 and S49. I The secondary windings of the intermediate frequency transformers 430 and 440 have the one terminal grounded and the other terminal arranged to be connected by operation of the switch S30 to the grid or input electrode of the vacuum tube 45!. The grid of the vacuum tube 45! is connected to a capacitor 484 so that a portion of the energy appearing across the input circuit of the vacuum tube 45! may be transmitted to another signal channel energized from The cathode of the vacuum tube 45! is connected through a biasing resistor 453 to the conductor 329. The resistor 453 is by-passed to ground by 'a, capacitor 452 connected to the cathode of the vacuum tube 45!. The conductor 329 also extends to a stage of intermediate frequency amplification energized from the conductor 483. The conductor 329 is connected through a resistor 454 to ground. Thus the resistors 328, 428 and 453 together with the resistor 454 operate to provide a certain predetermined bias to the intermediate frequency amplifiers thus far described. For the reception of certain signals, such as the frequency modulated signals, it is desirable to increase the gain of the intermediate frequency amplifier by a predetermined amount, and to thus change the bias there is provided a switch S52 which is arranged to short circuit the voltage drop resistor 454, thereby to increase the gain of aeracsse The visual indication channel includesftwo' intermediate frequency transformers 460' and 411]. The anode of the l'ast'amplifier tube-of the: previously'd'escribed intermediate frequency amplifier has its anode normally connected through. the switch S31 to the primary winding 4'11 of the intermediate transformer 4'10 and: through a, resistor'458 'tothe high voltage conductor 134; The juncture of the resistor 4-58 with the high voltage conductor'is connected to a grounded by-pass capacitor 159. The other terminal of the resistor 458is connected to a grounded bypass capacitor 115. The primary winding l'H of the transformer All! is arranged to be'tuned by a trimmer capacitor 4'13 operating-in parallel with a, fixed loading capacitor 465. The response characteristic of the intermediate frequency transformer is broadened slightly by a connectionof the resistor 455 in parallel with the fixedcapacitor 455; Voltage is supplied to the'scre'en grid' of the vacuum tube 451 through a voltage drop resistor 456 and the screen grid is connected to a grounded by-passcapacitor 451. The secondary winding 4'12 of thetransformer 4'10 is tuned by a trimmer capacitor 4'14 operating in parallel with a fixed loading capacitor 465 connected between the diodeelements of avacuum tube 478. The secondary winding M2 is normally connected by the switches S32 and S33 to these diode elements. When the switches S3! to S33 are actuated the other intermediate frequency transformer 460 is connected. into' circuit. The primary winding. 16i together with its trimmer capacitor 454' are now connected in shunt to the fixed loading capacitor 465. The secondary winding 152 and its trim:- mer capacitor'453 are connected in parallel with the fixed loading capacitor'dfifii The secondary windings 552 and-4'12 are each provided with. a midtap which is connected to a conductor 482, whereby the unidirectional current produced by the full wave rectifier action of the diode elements of the vacuum tube 4'18 is transmitted through a suitable filter to a stage of direct current amplification. In order that the response characteristics of the intermediate frequency transformers 46l1and M may bebroadened further for the transmission of wide band. or frequency modulated signals there arepro vided resistors 415 and? arranged. to. be connected by switches S58 and S51, respectively, across the primary and secondary windings of the intermediate frequency transformer then in use.

The vacuum tube d'ifi is-of'the type having two diode elements and a triodeeelement. The oath ode. of. the vacuum tube is connectedto ground. Thegrid of the vacuum tube 4'18 is connected. to. anisolating capacitor'52'i) whichis connected to one terminal of a fixed. padding. capacitor 506.. andonecontact of eachof the switchesSSA-and. S35. The anode of the vacuum tube 4781s con? nected to the conductor. 481 which is. connected to one. terminal of a blocking. capacitor 5.131, the. other terminal of capacitor 506, and one-contact of a switch S35.- The capacitor 501 isconnected in a series circuit extending from the conductor 481 through a variabletuning capacitor 552 to ground to prevent the application of-highvoltage to the latter. capacitor. At the. extremecounterclockwise position ofthe rotor of, the ca-.

pacitor 552 a switch5fi3i vactuatedto the open,-

circuit position shown. The switch 503 is; con-- nested in. series between: the high voltagecon-lductor 134 and a resistor.51J1l:which;-is. connectand 513i EdJItU the; midpoints of tuned inductors 501 and 509. The juncture between the resistor'51lt'and;

the tuned'inductors'50'1 and 509 is connected to agrounded by-pass capacitor 505. Thev inductor cm is provided with an adjustable capacitor 538,. and similarly the inductor 509 is pro.- vided with an adjustable capacitor 511. These capacitors 598 and 511 operate in parallelwith the loading capacitor 506. The switch S34 normally is arranged toshort circuit the inductor- 501. The switch S35 is arranged to normally short'circuit the other inductor 509. Normally the upper terminal of the inductor 5011s connected through the switch S36 to the conductor 481 which is connected to the anode of the vacuum tube 418:

S34 isactuated toplace into operation the resonant circuit comprising' the inductor 551-; the parallel capacitors 538 and 585; and the series-- connectedcapacitorsefi'i and 552-. In order to provide the proper frequency of oscillation for the upper range of signal. frequencies to be received the switch S34 remains in the position shown in the circuit and the switches S35. and

S38 are actuated to'place the other resonant circuit into operation. Energy from the oscillating circuit is transmitted through aresisto network including the resistors 461' and Mill connectedto conductor 183 and a grounded resistor 4E8 connected'to the common: juncture of the resistors 45? and 169. into operation by rotation of the rotor of the capacitor 562 "which closes'the' switch 5fi 3thereby to supply anode energy to" a circuit including the resistor 584, a portion ofthe inductor 501, and the conductor AM. The frequency of the oscillator within certain predetermined limits is varied by operation of the variable capacitor 502;

The direct current produced by the diodesection of the vacuum tube M8 is transmitted by the conductor 482 through a resistor filter network includingthe series connected resistors 512 The juncture between the first resistor 512 and'the conductor 582 is connected to'a grounded capacitor M5.- The juncture be"- tween the two resistors is connectedto agroundedcapacitor 515; The remaining terminal of the resistor 513 is connected to a grounded capacitor 55'1. The'juncture'between the resistor 513 and the capacitor 55'! is connected directly to the gridof a direct current amplifier vacuum tube 513 and to a grid circuit coupling resistor 514 whichis grounded: The cathode of the vacuum tube 518 is connectedthrough resistors 519. and 521' to the cathode i-ll'an'ient 5151*; one, side of which is grounded. The cathode of the vacuum tube 5l8.is Joy-passed to ground by an electrolytic-capacitor. 525. Azero-center directcurrent, indicating or tuning meter 521 connected iniparallel'toa resistor. 522 and. in series. with athe completely shielded cabinet, might. not-be permitted to pass to other parts of the receiver, eachside of the meter 521 is-by-passed. to groundbyuone of. two. grounded capacitors. The anode; ofthe vacuum tube.

524 and 521 In order to determine the free quency of the oscillator. for-the first range' of signal frequencies being received the switch The oscillator is placed 518 is supplied with voltage from the conductor I34 through the series resistors 528 and 529, the common juncture of which is Joy-passed to ground through the grounded capacitor 530.

In order to provide for a test of the operativeness of the visual indicating channel there is provided a coupling capacitor 59! connected between the anode of the vacuum tube' 5i 8 and a jack 592 which is connected to ground. A plug and head phones may be connected to the jack in order to test the receiver and this channel to determine whether the operation is proper.

The anode of the vacuum tube 5!!! is also connected to the conductor 53! which is connected to the switch contacts H5 and H6 of the motor driven switch I ID. The remaining contacts of the pairs of switch contacts H5 and H6 are connected to the conductors 532 and 533 respectively, which'are connected through radio frequency choke coils 537 and 538 to opposite terminals of the zero center direct current indicating instrument 539. A pair of capacitors 534 and 535 are connected between the COIldllJCtOlS 532 and 533, and their common juncture is grounded. Since only one of these capacitors at any one time is connected between'ground and the conductors 53!, only the connected capacitor is therefore charged by the direct currentsupiplied to the conductors 531. The operation of the switch contacts H5 and H6 is concomitant with the periodic reversal of phase of one of the radio frequency energies being combined at the input of the receiver by virtue of the operation of the double pole double throw portion of the motor driven switch H0. Thus, when the combination of energies of the loop antennas I! and I02 together with the sense antenna I03 is transmitted through the receiver, converted by the diodeportion of the vacuum tube 478 and amplified by the vacuum tube 5I8, this direct current is supplied to one of the capacitors 534 or 535. When, however, the energies from the spaced parallel opposed antennas and the sense antenna are combined with-reverse phase relation the corresponding direct current produced by the vacuum tube 478 and amplified by the vacuum tube 5I8 is supplied to the other of the two capacitors. The meter 539 is responsive to the difference in voltage between the capacitors 534 and 535. In order that the meter 539 give a steady indication, or in other words be dead beat, there is provided an alternating current electrolytic capacitor 536 connected between the conductors 532 and 533. A resistor 543 is connected in parallel to the alternating current electrolytic capacitor 536 so as to control the sensitivity of the indicating meter 539 and to provide a discharge circuit for the capacitors. tivity of the meter 539 furthermore may be varied by connecting a resistor 544 in parallel with the resistor 543 by operation of a switch 546. The radio frequency choke coils 537 and 539. serve to prevent any radio frequency energy from being fed back into the receiver which might enter into the indicating instrument 539 through the glass dial, since the instrument is mounted in the front of an otherwise completely shielded cabinet. In order to dissipate such radio frequency energy each terminal of the indicating instrument 539 is by-passed to ground by grounded capacitors 54! and 542.

The entire radio receiver is energized from two six volt storage batteries 547 connected in series. One terminal of these batteries is connected through filter choke coi1s-552 and 553 to The sensi- 16 Y a power switch 558. The other side of the power switch 558 is connected to a conductor 5I0 which extends to a number of filaments of the vacuum tubes. The same terminal of the storage batteries 547 is also connected to one contact of a pair of contacts 55! of a relay 550. The relay 550 is connected in series between the other terminal of the batteries 547 and a plurality of choke coils 548 and 549 which are connected to conductor 500 which supplies energy to another group of filaments of vacuum tubes and several dial lights. A pair of capacitors 554 and 555 arranged in series is connectedacross the relay 550 and the batteries 547. The common juncture of these capacitors is connected to ground. Between the common juncture of the choke coils 552 and 553 and the choke coils 549 and 549 also are connected a pair of series-connected capacitors 556 and 557, the common. juncture of which also is grounded. One side of the power switch 558 is connected to a conductor 56! which, in turn, is connected to a grounded capacitor 559. The commonv juncture between the choke inductors 552 and 553 is connected to a conductor 570. The conductors 56! and 570 are provided for the energization of such auxiliary equipment as may be needed in connection with the operation of the direction finder. Such equipment, for example, may comprise a remote indicating or telemetric system for indicating at a remote point the azimuth of the directional antennas I0! and I52. Such apparatus, for example, is shown, claimed and described in the copending applications of Edward S. Peterson, Serial No. 501,956, filed September 11, 1943, now Patent No. 2,411,389 granted November 19, 1946, and Serial No. 501,957, filed September 11, 1943, how Patent No. 2,427,621 granted September 16, 1947. When the power switch 558 is closed, energy flows through the relay 550 causing it to close its contacts 55L This completes a circuit from the storage batteries 547 to a plate voltage supply apparatus 550. The output of the plate voltage power supply 560, which may be of any desired type including a vibrator rectifier power pack, is transmitted through a filter circuit including the series choke coils 582 and 563 and grounded filter capacitors 564 and 565 to the high voltage condu'ctor I34.

The direct current motor H8 is provided with a grounded irame and an operating circuit including two series related choke coils 585 and 585, as Well as a motor switch 584, extending between the conductors 510 and 500. The terminals of the coke coils 585 and 585 adjacent to the conductors 5! 0 and 500 are connected together by a by-pass capacitor 587; while the terminals of the choke coils 585 and 586 adjacent to the motor H8 are connected together by two series related by-pass capacitors 588 and 589, the juncture between the capacitors 588 and 589 being grounded.

At the same time that the switch 558 is closed energy now flows out over the conductors 500 and 5I0 to supply energy to the filaments of the various vacuum tubes and to certain dial lights. For example, the conductor 5I0 may be connected to one side of a plurality of filaments such as 20IF, 30IF, 45IF, 4781 6I9F, '643F and I09F. One side of each of these filaments is connected to ground and the other side of each of these filaments is suitably by-passed to ground by capacitors 576, 577, 578, 579, 58!, 582 and 583, respectively. The conductor 500 is connected to the filaments of various vacuum tubes such as the filaments I28F, 3261*, 4263, l8F and GOIF which have one side thereof connected to ground. The other side of each of these filaments is suitably by-passed to ground through capacitors 5H and 575, respectively. A plurality of dial lights 565 to 568 are also connected between ground and the conductor 500. In order that the currents supplied by both conductors 58B and 51!! might be equal, a balancing resistor 569 is connected between ground and the conductor 5%. It will be noted that the batteries 54'! have a common juncture which is not directly connected to ground but which possesses no substantial potential with respect to ground since the positive and negative terminals thereof are connected to ground through the various filaments associated with the power conductors 580 and 5H]. It further more will be remembered that thecathode circuit of the vacuum tube 5I8 includes the filament EISF which is grounded, so that a six volt positive bias is supplied to the grid circuit of the direct current amplifier tube m. This has the effect of placing weak signal direct current voltages of the full wave detector 478 on the linear portion of the tube characteristics of the direct current amplifier tube SIS. Thus correct proportional amplifications is provided for weak signals so as to avoid errors which otherwise might be introduced due to tube noises because of the high overall gain of the radio receiver required due to the low energy level obtained by the use of loop antennas.

The intermediate frequency amplifier transformer 539 or 449 is capacitively coupled by the capacitor 5813 to the conductor 483 which ex- Y tends to the control grid of an intermediate frequency amplifying tube till. Normally the vacuum tube Gill operates as an intermediate frequency amplifying tube in the audible signal channel portion of the radio receiver. The oath-- ode of the vacuum tube 60] is connectcdto a grounded by-pass capacitor 562 and through the normally closed switch S53 to a resistor 683 which is connected to the conductor 329 which extends to the resistor A54 to ground. Since the resistor 45 3 is arranged to be short circuited by operation of the switch S52, it becomes apparent that the bias on the vacuum tube 60! is also changed at the same time that the bias on the intermediate frequency amplifier tubes 326, 426 and GM is changed. When the audible signal channel is to receive frequency modulated signals the operation of the vacuum tube GM is changed to a frequency modulation limiter. This changeover is accomplished by operation of switches S 12 and S 13, the latter switch therefore operating to connect the cathode of the Vacuum tube 613i directly to ground when it is to operate as a frequency modulation limiter.

The vacuum tube 851i is arranged to operate at either of the two intermediate frequencies at which the first intermediate frequency amplifying tubes operate, and for this purpose there are provided two intermediate frequency transformers B2B and 820. Normally the one terminal of the primary winding 62l of the intermediate frequency transformer 626 is connected through the switch S3? to the anode of the vacuum tube 5st. The other terminal of the primary winding $2i of the transformer m is connected through a Voltage drop resistor 654 to the high voltage conductor use. The connection between the resistor EM and the primary winding 62I is also connected to a grounded by-pass capacitor 6%. The primary winding 62! is arranged to be tuned by an adjustable capacitor 623 arranged to operate in parallel with loading capacitor 681'. The secondary winding 622 of the transformer 620 is normally connected through switches S38 and $39 to the rectifier plates of a full wave rectifier tube Bill. The secondary winding 822 of the transformer 62E] is arranged to be tuned by an adjustable capacitor 624 operating in parallel with another loading capacitor 699. In order to broaden the response characteristic of the transformers 6H] and 628 there is provided for the primary windings a, resistor 686 connected in parallel to the loading capacitor Gill, and for the secondary windings, a resistor W8 connected in parallel with the loading capacitor 609. The secondary winding 622 of the transformer 62% is provided with a midtap which for amplitude modulated, and continuous wave signals is connected by a switch S40 to a conductor 632. The midpoint of this intermediate frequenc transformer secondary winding 622 is also connected to a phasing capacitor BIB which is connected to the anode of the vacuum tube 6M for operation when frequency modulated signals are being received. For the reception of frequency modulated signals the switch S lt) joins the midpoint of the intermediate frequency transformer winding 622 to the conductor 63L For operation at the other intermediate fre-' quency, the transformer 6) has a primary winding 6H arranged to be tuned by an adjustable capacitor 6 i 3 arranged to operate in parallel with the loading capacitor Mill. The secondary winding 612 of the transformer 610 is tuned by an adjustable capacitor 6M arranged to operate in parallel with the loading capacitor 609. The resistors 686 and 608 are arranged for broadening the response of either of the transformers 6H) or 620, dependent upon the condition of operation of the switches S3! to S39. The midpoint of the secondary winding 6l2 of the intermediate frequency transformer Bill is connected to the switch S40 and to the phasing capacitor 618.

When the switches S40 to S43, inclusive, are in the positions shown, the vacuum tube 6M operates as a final stage of intermediate frequenc amplification which has a broader response characteristic than the previous stages of intermediate frequency amplification. Suitable screen grid voltage is supplied from the voltage conductor I34 through the resistor 6M and another resistor M5 which is connected to the screen grid of the vacuum tube 661. The screen grid of the vacuum tube Sill is also connected to a grounded by-pass capacitor tit and to the switch $42. The switch S42 is connected through a resistor Bll to ground. When the operation of the vacuum tube 60! is altered for the reception of frequency modulated signals the switch S63 grounds the cathode of the vacuum tube, thereby to remove the bias heretofore appearing in the grid to cathode circuit of the tube. At the same time the potential applied to the screen grid of this vacuum tube Sill, is altered by the closing of the switch 342, which now forms a voltage divider circuit between ground and the voltage conductor ltd and which includes the resistors fill, H5 and Gil i in series. It is believed that such change in the operation of the vacuum tube Bill will be readily understood by those skilled in the art as the operation in the form of a limiter corresponds to the operation already known in the art.

The outputs of the intermediate frequency 76 transformers 610 or 620 are arranged to energize 19 the plate electrodes of the full wave rectifying tube 619. The cathodes of the vacuum tube 6l9 are connected to ground, one directl to ground and the other by the operation of the switch SM for the reception of continuous wave or amplitude modulated signals. Under such operation the audible signal components produced by the vacuum tube 619 appear in the secondary windings of the intermediate frequency transformers which, it will be recalled, are normally connected through the switch S40 to the conductor 632, which is connected to a resistor capacitor filter network comprising the resistors 634, 635 and 636, the latter resistor being provided with an adjustable contact 631. The juncture-s between the conductor 632 and the various resistors are each connected to one of a plurality of grounded capacitors 638, 639 and 641. The adjustable contact 631 on the resistor 636 is connected to a coupling capacitor 642 which is connected to the grid of the audio amplifier tube 643. The grid of this vacuum tube is provided with a grounded grid resistor 644. The cathode of the vacuum tube 643 is suitably biased by a, grounded resistor 645 which is by-passed by a capacitor 646. The output circuit of the vacuum tube 643 includes a coupling resistor 64! connected between the anode and the voltage drop resistor 668. The juncture between these two resistors is connected to a grounded by-pass capacitor 649. :The voltage drop resistor 648 is connected to'the high voltage conductor [34. The anode of the-vacuum tube 643 is connected to a blocking capacitor 55!. which, in turn, is connected to the grounded jack through a resistor 629 to the conductor 63l which.

is connected to one contact of the switch S40. A capacitor 621 is connected across the resistor 625 and another capacitor 628 is connected across the resistor 626. One cathode ofthe vacuum tube GIS is connected directly to ground. The other cathode of the vacuum tube 619 is connected to the conductor 633 so that when the switch SM is in the position shown it is connected to ground,

but when the switch SM is actuated for the reception of frequency modulated waves the conductor 633 is connected to the conductor 532 which, in turn, is connected to the resistance capacitance filter arrangement preceding the input to the amplifying tube 643. For frequency modulation reception, therefore, the midpoint of the secondary winding of the intermediate frequency transformer is connected to theresistor 629. Due to the change in the connections to the cathodes of the vacuum tube 6|9 when the switches S40 and S4! are operated, the two rectifier portions of the vacuum tube 619 function as differentially arranged detectors operated from a single intermediate frequency amplifier or limiter. Since this circuit operation corresponds to discriminators or frequency detectors already known in the art no further explanation of the operation thereof is deemed to be necessary.

In a single vertical loop antenna a vertically polarized wave traveling horizontally and parallel with the plane of the loop induces therein a voltage which appears at the terminals of the'loop. As the loop is rotated with respect to such hori' zontally traveling vertically polarized waves the voltage appearing at the terminals of the loop will decrease until the plane of the loop is perpendicular to the direction 'of travel of such Waves. As the loop then is at right angles to the wave no voltage appears at the output terminals. The loop antenna may then continue to be rotated until ithas been moved through an arc of one hundred and eighty degrees, whereupon a maximum amount of voltage will again appear at the output terminals. A further rotation of the loop through ninety degrees reduces the output voltage to zero and a subsequent rotation againincreases the output voltage to a maximum. Direction finding loop antennas are usually provided with an azimuth scale of three hundred and sixty degrees and the'voltage response obtained by the rotation of the loop antenna with respect to vertically polarized horizontally traveling waves may be plotted in polar co-ordinates so that the resultant voltage represented with respect to the angular displacement or azimuth of the loop rforms a figure 8 pattern, such as shown in Fig. '7. The voltage obtained when the loop is at the ninety degree position of Fig. 7 is maximum and when the loop is at two hundred and seventy degrees it is also maximum but of opposite phase, and hence it has been common to represent one of the circles of the figure 8 as positive and the other circle as negative to indicate this phase change.

The voltages induced in the loop antenna, however, may also be represented b linear co-ordinates as shown in Fig. 8. The single loop antenna shows the greatest change in induced voltage at the zero and one hundred eighty degree positions of Figs. 7 and 8 and hence these points are .better suited for determining the direction of a radio transmitter than would be the maximum voltage points at ninety degrees or at two hundred and seventy degrees. The minimum points aretherefore known as true and reciprocal null points. A single loop antenna, however, is subject to a distortion or displacement of the null pointsby horizontally polarized waves traveling in a non-horizontal direction as is the case of a wave reflected from the Kennelly-Heaviside layer, which error has been called the night effect. A single figure loop, therefore, indicates the plane in which the transmitter and the receiver are located but does not indicate the direction from the receiver to the transmitter and, hence, this is termed to be a one hundred and eighty degree ambiguity of this directional antenna system.

In order to, avoid one hundred and eighty degree ambiguity it has been proposed to combine the .ouputs of a loop antenna with a non-directional antenna, the polar diagram of which may be represented as being a circle. The combination of these two voltages therefore produces a response pattern such as the cardioid shown in Fig. 9 which has but one null position. The cardioid of Fig 9, however, still has an erroneous null position due to the night effect upon the loop antenna. The response of such antenna system may also be plotted in linear co-ordinates as shown in Fig. 10.

In order to obviate night effect directional antenna systems such as the Adcock system or the spaced loop antenna system have been suggested. The response pattern of such antenna systems is commonly termed a cloverleaf and this has been shown in Fig. 11. Translated into linear co-ordinates, the representation would appear as a sinusoidal curve shown in Fig. 12. The

spaced loop system, however, while having the advantage of the elimination of night effectv has the great disadvantage of having four-null positions which are referred to as ninety degree ambiguities.

In order to obtain the benefits of a system wherein the night effect has been eliminated, the present invention combines the output of a spaced loop antenna arrangement with another loop antenna known as a sense loop antenna.

lhe spaced loop antenna has a response char-- acteristic such as shown in Fig. 12 and thisis also shown by the curve A of Fig. 13. The voltage of the spaced loop antennas shown by the curve A is combined with the voltage obtained from the single intermediate loop antenna which is shown by the curve B which is similar to the curve shown in Fig. 8 but displaced by an angle of ninety degrees.

In accordance with the present invention the voltages obtained from the two antenna systems, and corresponding to the curves A and B, are periodically displaced in phase by one hundred and eighty degrees. This is obtained by operation of the motor driven switch I I6. When this is accomplished by the switch the resultant. of the curves A and B will appear as curve D in Fig. 14. In the visual signal channel portion of the receiver the full wave diode portion of the vacuum tube 418 responds to the resultant curves C and D to produce uni-directional current. If the curve D, for example, is rectified there will then appear a curve such as E. Uni-directional currents represented by the curve E, also shown in Fig. 15, are transmitted to one of the two capacitors 534 or 535 dependent upon the position of the switch contacts H or H6. It may be assumed that the direct currents corresponding to the curve E are supplied to the capacitor 534. When the alternating currents corresponding to the curve C of Fig. 13 are rectified they will produce uni-directional currents corresponding to the curve F of Fig. 15. These uni-directional currents are supplied to the capacitor 535. The two curves as represented in Fig. 15, therefore, portray the instantaneous voltage charges upon the capacitors 53B and 535 as related to the azimuth or angular displacement of the directional antenna system. The two capacitors are arranged in opposition and the zero center direct current instrument 539 responds to the resultant voltage of these two capacitors. The resultant voltage is therefore represented by the curve G. It therefore will be noted that at zero azimuth of the loop antenna system the resultant voltage is zero, so that the pointer of the indicating meter remains at the center.

The pointer of the zero center indicating instrument, in accordance with rotation of the loop antenna, therefore moves to one side of the zero point in accordance with the first half-wave loop of the curve G, and at some point intermediate zero and one hundred and eighty degrees again returns to zero. Thereupon, with further rotation of the antennas the second half-wave loopof the curve G is followed by the instrument and at one hundred and eighty degrees rotation of the antenna zero current is indicated and further rotation produces a movement of the indicator needle to the other side of zero to follow the third half-wave loop of the curve G, and again the meter may return to zero at an intermediate point between one hundred and eighty degrees and three hundred and sixty degrees of the initial zero position.

, By referring back to Figs. 13'and 14 it Willibecome apparent that the relative magnitudes of the voltages combined, or in other words the amplitudes of the curves A and B, may be varied considerably but the resultant curve C will always have a similar shape although of difierent magnitude. When the resultant voltages are translated into direct currents the curves E and F accordingly will vary to slightly change'the resultant curve G in amplitude and in the shape of the half-wave loops. The cross-over points at zero and one hundred and eighty degrees,- how-- ever, remain constant.

With certain ratios between the voltages represented by the curves A and B of Fig. 13, the resultant curve C when rectified may producefia resultant direct current curve such as. G. where, at the intermediate points between zero and one hundred and eighty degrees, and one hundred and eighty and three hundred and sixty degrees, the meter needle may not quite return to zero or may go slightly beyond zero and back again. Such deviations from the zero line of the representation in Fig. 15, however, are readily observable and the rate of change of the movement of the needle is different at these points than at the true and reciprocalnull positions corresponding to zero and one hundred and eighty degrees.

Due to the opposed connection of'the spaced loop antennas the greatest rate of change of indicator response per degree of loop antenna rotation occurs at the time when each loop antenna is responding to the maximum-to thedesired signal. At that time each loop antenna is in a plane parallel to the plane common to the radio transmitter and the radio receiver. In such posiion each of the loop antennas has a maximum response to vertically polarized waves, irrespective of the angle of elevation of the direction of travel of such waves, and each antenna has a minimum response to non-horizontally traveling horizontally polarized waves. Therefore, the antenna system thus provided is free from night effect.

The ideal spacing between the ,spaced'loop' antennas is .one which delivers the most rapid rise in indicator response per degree of loop antenna rotation, which would be one-quarter wave length for any particular signal frequency. At greater values of spacing the indicator response is less desirable. For any practical portable direction finding equipment covering a range of signal frequencies, the loop antenna system is a compromise in which the considerations are the receiver sensitivty at the various frequencies, noise level at various frequencies, and such practical considerations as the length of arm which can be readily transported. Because of these various considerations it has been found desirable in the present arrangement to provide a spacing between the loop antennas l9! and I02 which is in the order of one-quarter wave length, for the highest signal frequency to be received, and consequently this spacing value is a smaller fraction of a wave length for any lesser frequencies. Thus for all frequencies to be received there is obtained the more desirable response per degree of loop antenna rotation.

The radio receiver, the circuit of which is schematically shown in Figs. 1 to 6, is provided with a band switch mechanism which comprises a shaft having thereon numerous cams each arranged at various angular displacements to actuate certain switches shown in Figs. 1 to 6. Reference may now be had to Fig. 16 wherein there 

